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Cellular and Mitochondrial Mechanisms: Research has demonstrated that PBM enhances mitochondrial activity by stimulating cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme in the electron transport chain, resulting in increased ATP production. This heightened energy availability supports cellular repair and regeneration, critical for tissue healing and reducing inflammation
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Pain and Inflammation: A systematic review focused on tendinopathy found PBM can alleviate pain and improve functional outcomes in musculoskeletal conditions. The effects are mediated through anti-inflammatory pathways, such as the modulation of cytokine activity and oxidative stress
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Skin and Wound Healing: Studies have highlighted PBM's ability to accelerate wound healing and collagen production. This is particularly effective in dermatological applications like treating scars and enhancing skin elasticity due to increased fibroblast activity and blood circulation
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Neuroprotective and Cognitive Benefits: PBM has been explored for its neuroprotective effects, showing potential benefits in conditions like traumatic brain injuries and neurodegenerative disorders by enhancing cerebral blood flow and reducing neuroinflammation
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While the mechanisms and benefits of RLT are well-supported, results can vary depending on application parameters such as wavelength, intensity, and duration. These variables emphasise the importance of standardised protocols for consistent outcomes.
Here is the full reference list for the above information regarding red light therapy (RLT) and photobiomodulation (PBM):
- Cellular and Mitochondrial Mechanisms:
- Chung, H., Dai, T., Sharma, S. K., Huang, Y. Y., Carroll, J. D., & Hamblin, M. R. (2012). The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 40(2), 516–533. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0454-7
- Shamloo, S., Defensor, E., Ciari, P., Ogawa, G., Vidano, L., Lin, J. S., Fortkort, J. A., Shamloo, M., & Barron, A. E. (2023). The anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation are mediated by cytokines: Evidence from a mouse model of inflammation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1150156
- Pain and Inflammation:
- Leal-Junior, E. C. P., Lopes-Martins, R. A. B., & Bjordal, J. M. (2009). Clinical and scientific recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy in pain management and tissue healing. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 27(2), 175-176. DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2357
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Systematic review from BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation: Read here BMC Sports Science and Medicine
- Skin and Wound Healing:
- Avci, P., Gupta, A., Sadasivam, M., Vecchio, D., Pam, Z., Pam, N., & Hamblin, M. R. (2013). Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: Stimulating, healing, restoring. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 32(1), 41–52. DOI: 10.12788/j.sder.0069
- Neuroprotective and Cognitive Benefits:
- Hamblin, M. R. (2016). Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical, 6, 113–124. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002
Each of these studies and topics will be explored individually in more depth in future blogs!
Keep and eye out for them!
